Hier erhalten Sie eine Zusammenstellung der derzeitig verfügbaren Studien zum Thema Mikrostrom.
Studienlage Mikrostrom
1: Avendaño-Coy J, López-Muñoz P, Serrano-Muñoz D, Comino-Suárez N, Avendaño-
López C, Martin-Espinosa N. Electrical microcurrent stimulation therapy for
wound healing: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Tissue
Viability. 2022 May;31(2):268-277. doi: 10.1016/j.jtv.2021.12.002. Epub 2021 Dec
- PMID: 34903470.
2: Lawson D, Lee KH, Kang HB, Yang N, Llewellyn T, Takamatsu S. Efficacy of
microcurrent therapy for treatment of acute knee pain: A randomized double-
blinded controlled clinical trial. Clin Rehabil. 2021 Mar;35(3):390-398. doi:
10.1177/0269215520965320. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PMID: 33095658; PMCID: PMC7944428.
3: Avendaño-Coy J, Martín-Espinosa NM, Ladriñán-Maestro A, Gómez-Soriano J,
Suárez-Miranda MI, López-Muñoz P. Effectiveness of Microcurrent Therapy for
Treating Pressure Ulcers in Older People: A Double-Blind, Controlled, Randomized
Clinical Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 15;19(16):10045. doi:
10.3390/ijerph191610045. PMID: 36011679; PMCID: PMC9408011.
4: Kolimechkov S, Seijo M, Swaine I, Thirkell J, Colado JC, Naclerio F.
Physiological effects of microcurrent and its application for maximising acute
responses and chronic adaptations to exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023
Mar;123(3):451-465. doi: 10.1007/s00421-022-05097-w. Epub 2022 Nov 18. PMID:
36399190; PMCID: PMC9941239.
5: Iijima H, Takahashi M. Microcurrent Therapy as a Therapeutic Modality for
Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review Accelerating the Translation From
Clinical Trials to Patient Care. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2021 Jul
21;3(3):100145. doi: 10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100145. PMID: 34589695; PMCID:
PMC8463469.
6: Liu J, Tong K, Lin Y, Lee VWH, So KF, Shih KC, Lai JSM, Chiu K. Effectiveness
of Microcurrent Stimulation in Preserving Retinal Function of Blind Leading
Retinal Degeneration and Optic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review. Neuromodulation.
2021 Aug;24(6):992-1002. doi: 10.1111/ner.13414. Epub 2021 May 13. PMID:
33984873.
7: Wang Y, Lu J, Liu Y. Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Cardiotoxin-Induced
Muscle Injury Models. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Nov 2;23(21):13380. doi:
10.3390/ijms232113380. PMID: 36362166; PMCID: PMC9657523.
8: Smith RB. Microcurrent therapies: emerging theories of physiological
information processing. NeuroRehabilitation. 2002;17(1):3-7. PMID: 12016342.
9: Xu X, Zhang H, Yan Y, Wang J, Guo L. Effects of electrical stimulation on
skin surface. Acta Mech Sin. 2021;37(12):1843-1871. doi:
10.1007/s10409-020-01026-2. Epub 2021 Feb 6. PMID: 33584001; PMCID: PMC7866966.
10: Kim EH, Lee WS, Lee JH, Kwon DR. Microcurrent therapy as the
nonpharmacological new protocol against Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging
Neurosci. 2024 Jan 18;16:1344072. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1344072. PMID:
38304741; PMCID: PMC10833500.
11: Ranker A, Weigl M. Microcurrent therapy – more transparency is needed in
used parameters. Clin Rehabil. 2021 Jul;35(7):1073-1074. doi:
10.1177/0269215521991753. Epub 2021 Jan 28. PMID: 33508950.
12: Toth MJ, Tourville TW, Voigt TB, Choquette RH, Anair BM, Falcone MJ, Failla
MJ, Stevens-Lapslaey JE, Endres NK, Slauterbeck JR, Beynnon BD. Utility of
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation to Preserve Quadriceps Muscle Fiber Size
and Contractility After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Reconstruction:
A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Blinded Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020
Aug;48(10):2429-2437. doi: 10.1177/0363546520933622. Epub 2020 Jul 6. PMID:
32631074; PMCID: PMC7775613.
13: Lu C, Prahm C, Chen Y, Ehnert S, Rinderknecht H, McCaig CD, Nussler AK,
Kolbenschlag J. Microcurrent Reverses Cigarette Smoke-Induced Angiogenesis
Impairment in Human Keratinocytes In Vitro. Bioengineering (Basel). 2022 Sep
6;9(9):445. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering9090445. PMID: 36134990; PMCID:
PMC9495747.
14: Miguel MMV, Mathias-Santamaria IF, Rossato A, Ferraz LFF, Figueiredo-Neto
AM, de Marco AC, Casarin RCV, Wallet SM, Tatakis DN, Mathias MA, Santamaria MP.
Microcurrent electrotherapy improves palatal wound healing: Randomized clinical
trial. J Periodontol. 2021 Feb;92(2):244-253. doi: 10.1002/JPER.20-0122. Epub
2020 Aug 30. PMID: 32783220.
15: Mendes C, Thirupathi A, Zaccaron RP, Corrêa MEAB, Bittencourt JVS,
Casagrande LR, de Lima ACS, de Oliveira LL, de Andrade TAM, Gu Y, Feuser PE,
Machado-de-Ávila RA, Silveira PCL. Microcurrent and Gold Nanoparticles Combined
with Hyaluronic Acid Accelerates Wound Healing. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Nov
15;11(11):2257. doi: 10.3390/antiox11112257. PMID: 36421443; PMCID: PMC9686715.
16: Kosevic D, Wiedemann D, Vukovic P, Ristic V, Riebandt J, Radak U, Brandes K,
Goettel P, Duengen HD, Tahirovic E, Kottmann T, Voss HW, Zdravkovic M, Putnik S,
Schmitto JD, Mueller J, Rame JE, Peric M. Cardio-microcurrent device for chronic
heart failure: first-in-human clinical study. ESC Heart Fail. 2021
Apr;8(2):962-970. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13242. Epub 2021 Feb 9. PMID: 33559358;
PMCID: PMC8006737.
17: Lee JH, Vu HD, Park MH, Huynh PT, Youn SW, Kwon DR. Microcurrent wave
alleviates mouse intracranial arterial dolichoectasia development. Sci Rep. 2024
Mar 29;14(1):7496. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58333-y. PMID: 38553592; PMCID:
PMC10980802.
18: Tsolakidis S, Rosenauer R, Schmidhammer R, Pallua N, Rennekampff HO.
Wireless microcurrent stimulation improves blood flow in burn wounds. Burns.
2022 Aug;48(5):1230-1235. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.09.021. Epub 2021 Sep 25.
PMID: 34607727.
19: Yu C, Hu ZQ, Peng RY. Effects and mechanisms of a microcurrent dressing on
skin wound healing: a review. Mil Med Res. 2014 Nov 24;1:24. doi:
10.1186/2054-9369-1-24. PMID: 26000170; PMCID: PMC4440595.
20: Matsunaga N, Yoshida Y, Kitajou N, Shiraishi A, Kusunose N, Koyanagi S, Ohdo
S. Microcurrent stimulation activates the circadian machinery in mice. Biochem
Biophys Res Commun. 2019 May 28;513(2):293-299. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.022.
Epub 2019 Mar 31. PMID: 30944082.
21: Lee PC, Li CZ, Lu CT, Zhao MH, Lai SM, Liao MH, Peng CL, Liu HT, Lai PS.
Microcurrent Cloth-Assisted Transdermal Penetration and Follicular Ducts Escape
of Curcumin-Loaded Micelles for Enhanced Wound Healing. Int J Nanomedicine. 2023
Dec 28;18:8077-8097. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S440034. PMID: 38164267; PMCID:
PMC10758166.
22: Page MJ, Green S, Mrocki MA, Surace SJ, Deitch J, McBain B, Lyttle N,
Buchbinder R. Electrotherapy modalities for rotator cuff disease. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 10;2016(6):CD012225. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012225.
PMID: 27283591; PMCID: PMC8570637.
23: Heidenreich E, Johnson R, Sargent B. Informing the Update to the Physical
Therapy Management of Congenital Muscular Torticollis Evidence-Based Clinical
Practice Guideline. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2018 Jul;30(3):164-175. doi:
10.1097/PEP.0000000000000517. PMID: 29924060; PMCID: PMC8317609.
24: Kim G, Roh BD, Park SH, Shin SJ, Shin Y. Effect of tooth-brushing with a
microcurrent on dentinal tubule occlusion. Dent Mater J. 2020 Sep
29;39(5):766-772. doi: 10.4012/dmj.2019-205. Epub 2020 May 12. PMID: 32404565.
25: Bravo MP, Soares GP, Daniele de Oliveira P, Szezerbaty SK, Frederico RCP,
Maia LP. Microcurrent stimulates cell proliferation and modulates cytokine
release in fibroblast cells. J Wound Care. 2021 Sep 2;30(Sup9a):IIIi-IIIix. doi:
10.12968/jowc.2021.30.Sup9a.III. PMID: 34597164.
26: Park GY, Kwon DR, Moon YS. Low-intensity microcurrent therapy promotes
regeneration of atrophied calf muscles in immobilized rabbits. J Biomed Res.
2018 Nov 12;33(1):30–7. doi: 10.7555/JBR.32.20180056. Epub ahead of print. PMID:
30418167; PMCID: PMC6352881.
27: Bachamanda Somesh D, Jürchott K, Giesel T, Töllner T, Prehn A, Richters JP,
Kosevic D, Eduardo Rame J, Göttel P, Müller J. Microcurrent-Mediated Modulation
of Myofibroblasts for Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Mar
13;25(6):3268. doi: 10.3390/ijms25063268. PMID: 38542242; PMCID: PMC10970173.
28: Houghton PE. Clinical Trials Involving Biphasic Pulsed Current,
MicroCurrent, and/or Low-Intensity Direct Current. Adv Wound Care (New
Rochelle). 2014 Feb 1;3(2):166-183. doi: 10.1089/wound.2013.0446. PMID:
24761357; PMCID: PMC3929082.
29: Yi D, Lim H, Yim J. Effect of Microcurrent Stimulation on Pain, Shoulder
Function, and Grip Strength in Early Post-Operative Phase after Rotator Cuff
Repair. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 May 13;57(5):491. doi: 10.3390/medicina57050491.
PMID: 34067980; PMCID: PMC8152281.
30: Lee JH, Ha JH. Bioelectric Effect of a Microcurrent Toothbrush on Plaque
Removal. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Aug 4;18(16):8255. doi:
10.3390/ijerph18168255. PMID: 34444003; PMCID: PMC8394510.
31: Maul XA, Borchard NA, Hwang PH, Nayak JV. Microcurrent technology for rapid
relief of sinus pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical
trial. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2019 Apr;9(4):352-356. doi: 10.1002/alr.22280.
Epub 2019 Jan 22. PMID: 30667597; PMCID: PMC6590214.
32: Konstantinou E, Zagoriti Z, Pyriochou A, Poulas K. Microcurrent Stimulation
Triggers MAPK Signaling and TGF-β1 Release in Fibroblast and Osteoblast-Like
Cell Lines. Cells. 2020 Aug 19;9(9):1924. doi: 10.3390/cells9091924. PMID:
32825091; PMCID: PMC7564311.
33: Naclerio F, Moreno-Perez D, Seijo M, Karsten B, Larrosa M, García-Merino
JÁL, Thirkell J, Larumbe-Zabala E. Effects of adding post-workout microcurrent
in males cross country athletes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2021 Dec;21(12):1708-1717.
doi: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1862305. Epub 2021 Feb 8. PMID: 33295832.
34: Miller BS, Olszewski AM, Bedi A. A Microcurrent Dressing Reduces
Cutibacterium Acnes Colonization in Patients Undergoing Shoulder
Arthroplasty or Arthroscopy: A Prospective Case Series. HSS J. 2023
Feb;19(1):92-96. doi: 10.1177/15563316221100989. Epub 2022 Jun 22. PMID:
36776518; PMCID: PMC9837413.
35: O Bortolazzo F, D Lucke L, de Oliveira Fujii L, Marqueti RC, Vieira Ramos G,
Theodoro V, Bombeiro AL, Felonato M, A Dalia R, D Carneiro G, Pontes Vicente C,
A M Esquisatto M, A S Mendonça F, T Dos Santos GM, R Pimentel E, de Aro AA.
Microcurrent and adipose-derived stem cells modulate genes expression involved
in the structural recovery of transected tendon of rats. FASEB J. 2020
Aug;34(8):10011-10026. doi: 10.1096/fj.201902942RR. Epub 2020 Jun 19. PMID:
32558993.
36: Ranker A, Husemeyer O, Cabeza-Boeddinghaus N, Mayer-Wagner S, Crispin A,
Weigl MB. Microcurrent therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: could it
be more than a placebo effect? A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil
Med. 2020 Aug;56(4):459-468. doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.20.05921-3. Epub 2020 Apr
- PMID: 32293810.
37: Kapeller B, Mueller J, Losert U, Podesser BK, Macfelda K. Microcurrent
stimulation promotes reverse remodelling in cardiomyocytes. ESC Heart Fail. 2016
Jun;3(2):122-130. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12080. Epub 2016 Jan 6. PMID: 27774272;
PMCID: PMC5064659.
38: Nunez PL, Wingeier BM, Silberstein RB. Spatial-temporal structures of human
alpha rhythms: theory, microcurrent sources, multiscale measurements, and global
binding of local networks. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001 Jul;13(3):125-64. doi:
10.1002/hbm.1030. PMID: 11376500; PMCID: PMC6872048.
39: Chaikin L, Kashiwa K, Bennet M, Papastergiou G, Gregory W. Microcurrent
stimulation in the treatment of dry and wet macular degeneration. Clin
Ophthalmol. 2015 Dec 17;9:2345-53. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S92296. PMID: 26719667;
PMCID: PMC4689270.
40: Vilarinho R, Faria SM, Monteiro PRR, Melo C, Santos R, Noites A. Effects of
Abdominal Microcurrent in the Consumption and Proportion of Energy Substrates
during Aerobic Exercise: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 May
16;10(5):917. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10050917. PMID: 35628054; PMCID:
PMC9141201.
41: Cho SC, Sung WJ, Lee YJ, Cho HK. Therapeutic effect of microcurrent therapy
in a rat model of secondary lymphedema. Ann Palliat Med. 2023 Jul;12(4):729-737.
doi: 10.21037/apm-23-94. Epub 2023 Jun 22. PMID: 37431220.
42: Silva DFD, de Oliveira Fujii L, Chiarotto GB, de Oliveira CA, de Andrade
TAM, de Oliveira ALR, Esquisatto MAM, Mendonça FAS, Dos Santos GMT, de Aro AA.
Influence of microcurrent on the modulation of remodelling genes in a wound
healing assay. Mol Biol Rep. 2021 Feb;48(2):1233-1241. doi:
10.1007/s11033-021-06135-0. Epub 2021 Jan 21. PMID: 33475929.
43: Naclerio F, Seijo M, Karsten B, Brooker G, Carbone L, Thirkell J, Larumbe-
Zabala E. Effectiveness of combining microcurrent with resistance training in
trained males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019 Dec;119(11-12):2641-2653. doi:
10.1007/s00421-019-04243-1. Epub 2019 Oct 17. Erratum in: Eur J Appl Physiol.
2020 Feb;120(2):549. PMID: 31624949; PMCID: PMC6858393.
44: Zhou Z, Xue Y, Zhao Y, Mu X, Xu L. Effects of microcurrent therapy in
promoting function and pain management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic
review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open. 2023 Apr 26;13(4):e069036. doi:
10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069036. PMID: 37185645; PMCID: PMC10151844.
45: Wieder DL. Microcurrent therapy; wave of the future? Rehab Manag. 1991 Feb-
Mar;4(2):34-5. PMID: 10148191.
46: Zacarias CA, de Mendonça Florenziano RF, de Andrade TAM, de Aro AA, do
Amaral MEC, Dos Santos GMT, Esquisatto MAM. Arnica montana L. associated with
microcurrent accelerates the dermis reorganisation of skin lesions. Int J Exp
Pathol. 2023 Apr;104(2):81-95. doi: 10.1111/iep.12469. Epub 2023 Feb 8. PMID:
36752313; PMCID: PMC10009304.
47: Sharp SJ, Huynh MT, Filart R. Frequency-Specific Microcurrent as Adjunctive
Therapy for Three Wounded Warriors. Med Acupunct. 2019 Jun 1;31(3):189-192. doi:
10.1089/acu.2019.1366. Epub 2019 Jun 17. PMID: 31297172; PMCID: PMC6604905.
48: Miglani A, Soler Z, Schlosser RJ. Novel Devices for Sinus Headache.
Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2022 Jun;55(3):519-529. doi:
10.1016/j.otc.2022.02.002. Epub 2022 Apr 25. PMID: 35477843.
49: Thompson R, Kaplan SL. Frequency-Specific Microcurrent for Treatment of
Longstanding Congenital Muscular Torticollis. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2019
Apr;31(2):E8-E15. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000576. PMID: 30664049.
50: Piras A, Zini L, Trofè A, Campa F, Raffi M. Effects of Acute Microcurrent
Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Function and Subsequent Recovery Strategy. Int
J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 26;18(9):4597. doi:
10.3390/ijerph18094597. PMID: 33926114; PMCID: PMC8123612.
51: Korelo RI, Valderramas S, Ternoski B, Medeiros DS, Andres LF, Adolph SM.
Microcurrent application as analgesic treatment in venous ulcers: a pilot study.
Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2012 Jul-Aug;20(4):753-60. English, Portuguese, Spanish.
doi: 10.1590/s0104-11692012000400016. PMID: 22990161.
52: Armstrong K, Gokal R, Chevalier A, Todorsky W, Lim M. Microcurrent Point
Stimulation Applied to Lower Back Acupuncture Points for the Treatment of
Nonspecific Neck Pain. J Altern Complement Med. 2017 Apr;23(4):295-299. doi:
10.1089/acm.2016.0313. Epub 2017 Mar 7. PMID: 28266863; PMCID: PMC5393407.
53: Kwon DR, Moon YS, Kwon DY. Combination Therapy of Polydeoxyribonucleotide
and Microcurrent in Muscle Regeneration on Cast-Induced Muscle Atrophy in
Rabbit. Biomed Res Int. 2022 Oct 27;2022:7469452. doi: 10.1155/2022/7469452.
PMID: 36337843; PMCID: PMC9633184.
54: Nair HKR. Microcurrent as an adjunct therapy to accelerate chronic wound
healing and reduce patient pain. J Wound Care. 2018 May 2;27(5):296-306. doi:
10.12968/jowc.2018.27.5.296. PMID: 29738296.
55: Ohno Y, Fujiya H, Goto A, Nakamura A, Nishiura Y, Sugiura T, Ohira Y,
Yoshioka T, Goto K. Microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation facilitates
regrowth of mouse soleus muscle. Int J Med Sci. 2013 Aug 7;10(10):1286-94. doi:
10.7150/ijms.5985. PMID: 23983587; PMCID: PMC3752717.
56: Goldsobel AB, Prabhakar N, Gurfein BT. Prospective trial examining safety
and efficacy of microcurrent stimulation for the treatment of sinus pain and
congestion. Bioelectron Med. 2019 Nov 20;5:18. doi: 10.1186/s42234-019-0035-x.
Erratum in: Bioelectron Med. 2020 Jan 30;6:2. PMID: 32232107; PMCID: PMC7098235.
57: Kwon DR, Kwon DG, Jeong JE. Effects of Microcurrent on Oxygen Saturation by
Controlling Rectus Abdominis Activity in Preterm Infant With Desaturation During
Feeding: A Pilot Study. Front Pediatr. 2021 Nov 22;9:694432. doi:
10.3389/fped.2021.694432. PMID: 34881210; PMCID: PMC8645598.
58: Fujiya H, Ogura Y, Ohno Y, Goto A, Nakamura A, Ohashi K, Uematsu D, Aoki H,
Musha H, Goto K. Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation facilitates
regeneration of injured skeletal muscle in mice. J Sports Sci Med. 2015 May
8;14(2):297-303. PMID: 25983578; PMCID: PMC4424458.
59: Agrawal S, Kambala SS, Borle AB, Balwani T. Comparative evaluation of effect
of microcurrent electrical stimulation on acupoints to control gag reflex in
patients receiving prosthodontic treatment: An in vivo study. J Indian
Prosthodont Soc. 2022 Apr-Jun;22(2):188-194. doi: 10.4103/jips.jips_228_21.
PMID: 36511030; PMCID: PMC9132504.
60: Bavarian R, Khawaja SN, Ajisafe AH, Sultan AS. The efficacy of microcurrent
electrical nerve stimulation in treating masticatory myofascial pain: A
systematic review and meta-analysis. Cranio. 2021 Dec 27:1-7. doi:
10.1080/08869634.2021.2020006. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34957937.
61: Schmitto JD, Napp LC, Mariani S, Hanke JS, Li T, Vogel-Claussen J, Brandes
K, Göttel P, Müller J, Dogan G, Bauersachs J, Haverich A. First-in-man
Implantation of a Cardiac Microcurrent Device for Chronic Systolic Heart
Failure. ASAIO J. 2022 Jul 1;68(7):e121-e123. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001537.
Epub 2022 Jul 27. PMID: 34324448.
62: Sabel BA, Zhou W, Huber F, Schmidt F, Sabel K, Gonschorek A, Bilc M. Non-
invasive brain microcurrent stimulation therapy of long-COVID-19 reduces
vascular dysregulation and improves visual and cognitive impairment. Restor
Neurol Neurosci. 2021;39(6):393-408. doi: 10.3233/RNN-211249. PMID: 34924406;
PMCID: PMC8764598.
63: Yu C, Xu ZX, Hao YH, Gao YB, Yao BW, Zhang J, Wang B, Hu ZQ, Peng RY. A
novel microcurrent dressing for wound healing in a rat skin defect model. Mil
Med Res. 2019 Jul 23;6(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s40779-019-0213-x. PMID: 31331385;
PMCID: PMC6647105.
64: Yoshikawa Y, Hiramatsu T, Sugimoto M, Uemura M, Mori Y, Ichibori R. Efficacy
of Low-frequency Monophasic Pulsed Microcurrent Stimulation Therapy in
Undermining Pressure Injury: A Double-blind Crossover-controlled Study. Prog
Rehabil Med. 2022 Sep 7;7:20220045. doi: 10.2490/prm.20220045. PMID: 36160025;
PMCID: PMC9470497.
65: Chow J. Wireless Microcurrent-Generating Antimicrobial Wound Dressing in
Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Single-Center Experience. Orthop Rev (Pavia).
2016 Jun 27;8(2):6296. doi: 10.4081/or.2016.6296. PMID: 27433298; PMCID:
PMC4933816.
66: Moon YS, Kwon DR, Lee YJ. Therapeutic effect of microcurrent on calf muscle
atrophy in immobilized rabbit. Muscle Nerve. 2018 Aug;58(2):270-276. doi:
10.1002/mus.26110. Epub 2018 Apr 17. PMID: 29466826.
67: Do JK, Kwon DR. Efficacy of cranial microcurrent stimulation in patients
with tension-type headache: A prospective, randomised, double-blinded, sham-
controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Sep;75(9):e14437. doi:
10.1111/ijcp.14437. Epub 2021 Jun 14. PMID: 34096661.
68: Liu C, Huang G, Song P, An C, Zhang P, Shen J, Ren S, Zhao K, Huang W, Xu Y,
Zheng R. Treatment of decentralized low-strength livestock wastewater using
microcurrent-assisted multi-soil-layering systems: performance assessment and
microbial analysis. Chemosphere. 2022 May;294:133536. doi:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133536. Epub 2022 Jan 6. PMID: 34999101.
69: Parkinson KM, Sayre EC, Tobe SW. Evaluation of visual acuity in dry AMD
patients after microcurrent electrical stimulation. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2023
Jun 18;9(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s40942-023-00471-y. PMID: 37331928; PMCID:
PMC10278316.
70: Stoesslein BAC, Kuypers KPC. Self-Rated Recovery and Mood Before and After
Resistance Training and Muscle Microcurrent Application. Front Psychol. 2022 Apr
14;13:836695. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.836695. PMID: 35496154; PMCID: PMC9046599.
71: Wirsing PG, Konstantakaki M, Poulas KA. Martorell’s Ulcer Successfully
Treated by Wireless Microcurrent Stimulation Technology. Adv Skin Wound Care.
2019 Feb;32(2):81-84. doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000550590.31545.67. PMID: 30653186.
72: de G de Gaspi FO, Foglio MA, de Carvalho JE, Santos GM, Testa M, Passarini
JR Jr, de Moraes CP, Esquisatto MA, Mendonça JS, Mendonça FA. Effects of the
Topical Application of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Oncidium flexuosum Sims.
(Orchidaceae) and Microcurrent on the Healing of Wounds Surgically Induced in
Wistar Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:950347. doi:
10.1155/2011/950347. Epub 2011 Jun 9. PMID: 21716707; PMCID: PMC3118730.
73: Yoshikawa Y, Maeshige N, Yamaguchi A, Uemura M, Hiramatsu T, Tsuji Y,
Terashi H. Association between Patients‘ Body Mass Index and the Effect of
Monophasic Pulsed Microcurrent Stimulation on Pressure Injury Healing.
Biomedicines. 2023 Aug 25;11(9):2379. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11092379. PMID:
37760820; PMCID: PMC10526075.
74: Gossrau G, Wähner M, Kuschke M, Konrad B, Reichmann H, Wiedemann B,
Sabatowski R. Microcurrent transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in painful
diabetic neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Pain Med. 2011
Jun;12(6):953-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01140.x. Epub 2011 May 31. PMID:
21627767.
75: Ünal A, Gülsen Ç, Altuğ F. Effectiveness of microcurrent therapy on sacral
pressure ulcer: Our first experience. Niger J Clin Pract. 2017
Mar;20(3):397-398. doi: 10.4103/1119-3077.201439. PMID: 28256500.
76: Poltawski L, Johnson M, Watson T. Microcurrent therapy in the management of
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